My Life Of A Woman - 1708 Words

Pokharel 2 February 1st, 2009 -the day my family and I landed in the great United States of America, I flew in hearing about it being the land of opportunities and of freedom. I hated everything about Nepal. I hated the patriarchal system that was very much alive. I hated that being a girl meant one day being someones wife, someones mother not someone who was college educated and following her dream. I hated girls were expected to be light skinned, pretty, and well mannered-everything I lacked. Therefore when I flew in, I was ecstatic about living in such great place, a place I did not know much of but it seemed like paradise because I had known about Hillary Clinton- a woman who endured so much as a woman but still kept on flighting because she lived in a country where there was freedom to pursue anything one liked-even for a woman. Every immigrant has stories of them struggling as a minority; I believe that my parents were burdened with most of the struggles, At the age of eleven, hate was merely a word that I used to describe broccoli. I did not know there was a deeper meaning to it until I started school in the US. My first public school in the US was New York City school system. New York city is one of the most diverse city in the state. It represents almost all ethnicity so, when on the first day I saw students formed in a group based on their ethnicity I was surprised. What was even more surprising was the fact that the these group seemed to never interact withShow MoreRelatedMy Life As A Woman871 Words   |  4 Pagesthat I was different from my other siblings they never had the same problems as me, I never understood why. Since, I could remember I always threw away my Barbie dolls and stole my brother’s cars and action figures. In which I hated these stereotypes, I hated the fact that girls had to play with dolls, kitchens, and cleaning items. I preferred to be outdoors or playing with masculine toys in which my mother never approved of. So eve ry time my mother found me playing with my brother’s toys she willRead MoreMy Life : An Indian Woman795 Words   |  4 PagesHowever, I think of my mother. She is my superhero. I admire her deeply and hope that I can be at least a tenth of what she is: an Indian woman balancing a household with three generations in an American society. She plays the roles of a wife, daughter-in-law, mother, and business partner with a positive attitude. Without her, our household and business would not be able to function properly. Since I was a little girl, I knew I wanted to grow up to be a superhero like my mother. During my senior year ofRead MorePersonal Narrative: My Encounter with the Woman from the Homeless Shelter1181 Words   |  5 PagesA feeling of regret spilled over me the first time I laid eyes on this diminutive woman as she made her way across the dirt street into the kitchen where I was working. She wore a sweatshirt, three sizes too large, with its hood drawn tight. Her jeans were wet, and her palms looked pink and raw. I was struck by her uncertainty and by the wariness of her eyes under the hood. Her small frame was shaking excessively, probably from the cold winter’s air. I stood speechless, while she stood in frontRead MoreEssay on Comparing Lore by R.S. Thomas and Woman Work by Maya Angelou848 Words   |  4 PagesComparing Lore by R.S. Thomas and Woman Work by Maya Angelou Lore by R.S. Thomas and Woman Work by Maya Angelou, both display the poets attitude towards life and work in their writings. These feelings are portrayed through the characters in the poems. R.S. Thomas is the more optimistic, Maya Angelous is the more pessimistic. But they explore both pessimism and optimism. R.S. Thomas poem is about an isolated white Welsh hill farmer, who has survived the treacheryRead MoreA Personal Reflection on Who I Am Today and Why Essay1018 Words   |  5 Pages Who am I? I am a woman; a well-educated African-American woman. I am a graduate of Temple University with a B.B.A in Legal Studies and a minor in Entrepreneurship. Who Am I? I am a first generation college student and the first in my family with the desire to attend law school. I am a woman who overcame many challenges in life and I am the same woman who chose not to let the hardships define who I am. After encountering several personal and academic experiences, I was guided towards a newly profoundRead MoreIssue Proposal on Abortion1276 Words   |  6 Pagesconfirmation and marriage to the very controversial choice of abortion. Since I’ve been Catholic all of my life, I am a firm believer in the pro-life choice, which is advocating full legal protection of embryos and fetuses along with high opposition to the legalization of induced abortions. A baby is a b aby is a baby. Whether it is an embryo, fetus, or almost a full term baby, it is still considered life. That is how I like to view this topic. This semester I plan to research why abortion is morally wrongRead MoreErikson s Theory, Ego Integrity Versus Despair1209 Words   |  5 Pagesversus despair, involves coming to terms with one’s life. Adults who arrive at a sense of integrity feel whole, complete, and satisfied with their achievements. The negative outcome, despair, occurs when aging adults feel they have made many wrong decisions, and may become overwhelmed with bitterness, defeat, and hopelessness (Berk, 2010). The women that I chose to interview seem to have confronted Erikson’s last psychological crisis. One woman is single, never married, no children, takes care ofRead MoreSocial Role of Women in Society1675 Words   |  7 PagesI have been socialized into this role. Social Roles; There are a variety of social roles in our society. They have been established since the early years. It is the people within our society that establish and portray these roles in their everyday life. â€Å"Social roles are the part people play as members of a social group. With each social role you adopt, your behaviour changes to fit the expectations both you and others have of that role.† (McLeod, S. A. (2008). Social Roles. Retrieved from: [AccessedRead MoreMy Ideal Wife816 Words   |  4 PagesMy Ideal WifeA Descriptive Essay A popular saying goes, Marriage involves three rings: the engagement ring, the wedding ring, and the suffering. If it is commonly felt that marriage is so difficult, why do most people wish to get married? Probably, the instinct to find a mate is inherent in human beings; and I am no exception. Somehow, I believe that there is someone out there who was made especially for me, and, once I find her, we will fall in love, and get marr ied; and onlyRead MoreA Birthing Method That Uses Self Hypnosis And Relaxation Techniques For Help A Woman934 Words   |  4 PagesHypnobirthing is a birthing method that uses self-hypnosis and relaxation techniques to help a woman feel prepared, narrow her focus, and reduce her awareness of fear, anxiety and pain during childbirth. A C-section, or cesarean section, is the delivery of a baby through a surgical incision in the mother s abdomen and uterus. In certain circumstances, a C-section is scheduled in advance. In others, it s done in response to an unforeseen complication. I believe that any one of these methods is a

Fredrick Jackson Turner Seminar Free Essays

Frederick Jackson Turner, â€Å"The Significance of the Frontier in American History,† Annual Report of the American Historical Association for the Year 1893. CONTENT: Turner’s article overviews the American past as it were in a transition period of expanding west. He reviews the significance of this move and evaluates the various results of the expansion on different groups in America. We will write a custom essay sample on Fredrick Jackson Turner Seminar or any similar topic only for you Order Now THESIS: The expansion resulted in crucial advancements/ building blocks for American society as it created significant economic, social, and culture transformations; although this period eventually ended. THEMES: . Although Indians played a large part in assisting Americans find/ inhabit new land, many were not treated with peace and respect as the white man instead on remaining as the dominant power. While the Indians showed Americans the way (literally), Americans ungratefully followed. 2. As New England was strong on maintaining their religious values, they made sure to carry their same ideas west. Therefore, the western frontier was built with a strong influence of religion from the east. 3. Because of the continuous expansion, American gov’t buckled down and held stronger regulations and rules. Following the Louisiana Purchase, that area was proclaimed land where there could be national jurisdiction and must obey the constitution. The idea to spread land throughout the Union states had been suggested but President Johnson rejected the idea. REACTION: Although Turner’s paper was informative, I feel that it could have been better synthesized still make the same point. HISTORIOGRAPHY: Progressive School— The paper covers the crucial aspect of the evolution of the American people during the expansion and the various hurdles that they had to overcome. How to cite Fredrick Jackson Turner Seminar, Essay examples

Securities and Investments Commission Versus Citigroup Global Markets

Question: Discuss about the Securities and Investments Commission Versus Citigroup Global Markets. Answer: Introduction Citigroup Global Market is a financial services company operating in Australia and carries out its business in circa 100 countries. It is the defendant in the proceedings of ASIC v Citigroup case. The primary question in the case is if the letter of engagement for retaining a bank by a great public organization to talk about the takeover bid left out the presence of any fiduciary association between the bank and its customers (Black, Mills Cox, 2007). Following the issue in this proceeding, this paper discusses the Courts decision in the case and the reasons for it in view of the Corporation Act. Courts Decision The findings of the Federal Court of Australia on Thursday 28 June 2007 about ASIC v. Citigroup case was that Citigroup failed to participate in insider trading and it did not also breach the conflict of interest provisions according to the Corporations Act (Jacobson, 2007). The first Insider Trading Claim failed. It could only succeed if the trading employee possessed the insider information and attributed his knowledge to the company. According to section 1042G(1)(a), the awareness of the staff got not associated to the enterprise unless the employee was an officer defined by section 9 of the law (Jacobson, 2007). The second Insider Trading Claim also did not succeed. According to the Courts findings, Citigroup adhered to section 1043F of the Act. It raised the Chinese Wall Defense in a satisfactory manner (Jacobson, 2007). The Fiduciary Claim also failed right at the beginning. This finding was so, because, the letter of engagement did not involve the existence of the fiduciary association. The Court had several reasons for these decisions. The Court did not come to an agreement with ASIC because, first, the employee in question was not an officer of Citigroup (Seeto, 2008). According to the Act, an officer was a person with a senior role in management, unlike the employee in the case. Secondly, the employee did not make the supposition of the takeover bid according to the claim by ASIC. Thirdly, the Company complied as it would be anticipated to make sure that the price sensitive data according to IB got not revealed to the Public Side employees or to ET. Fourthly, the choice to buy shares came from a person rather than the individuals who held the information and no communication of it concerning the purchase was given by IB (Seeto, 2008). Lastly, the Corporation Act did not hinder the bank from having a fiduciary duty when it started its connection with its clients (07-171 Decision, 2007). Conclusion Therefore, the case ASIC v Citigroup illustrates that according to the insider trading provisions, having an adequate compliance system is necessary because it can help a company and its members from liability. Besides, the fact that Chinese Walls confine the information from flowing between different divisions in a company, an organization can avoid damaging its reputation and substantial fines if it adheres to the requirements of the Chinese Wall, as well as its relevance schemes of compliance. References 07-171 Decision in ASIC v Citigroup | ASIC - Australian Securities and Investments Commission. (2007). Asic.gov.au. Retrieved 6 January 2017, from https://asic.gov.au/about-asic/media-centre/find-a-media-release/2007-releases/07-171-decision-in-asic-v-citigroup/ Black, A., Mills, K., Cox, B. (2007). A big win for banks. International Financial Law Review, 26(9), 12. Jacobson, J. (2007). Australian Securities and Investments Commission v Citigroup Global Markets. Australia Pty Limited (ACN 113 114 832) 2007 (pp. 1-130). Sydney. Retrieved from https://www.smh.com.au/pdf/ASICvCitigroup.pdf Seeto, G. (2008). ASIC v Citigroup - The compliance implications - Knowledge - Clayton Utz. Claytonutz.com. Retrieved 6 January 2017, from https://www.claytonutz.com/knowledge/2008/january/asic-v-citigroup-the-compliance-implications

The Chinese Culture Essay Example For Students

The Chinese Culture Essay James WalkerMr.Johnson E3December 20, 1996This report is about the myths and beliefs of the Chinese culture. Its aboutthe stories the Chinese created to explain the world around them, and generallyhow they perceived their surrounding environment. This report deals withancient myths and the people who believed them, and what the current believes ofthese people are. The Southwest Creation StoryThe Southwest creation story is a myth which explains why people are different. The myth begins by saying that there were people on earth who were all alike,meaning there werent people who were black, white, oriental, etc.. It statesthat the humans on earth all generally were the same. There were also gods wholived above the clouds in the heavens. And there was a huge heavenly ladderwhich started on a mountain and reached all the way up to heavens door. Itgoes on to tell a story of a man who had two children. One was a girl and theother was a boy. We will write a custom essay on The Chinese Culture specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now They lived in a house which had a huge very thick roof. The man had built theroof so thick because it rained almost every day. He hated the rain. He knewit had its benefits but too much of it ruined his crops, destroyed his livestockand every time it rained the roof of the house was destroyed. And every timethe man rebuilt it, he made it thicker and thicker. He blamed all hismisfortune on the Duke of Thunder. The Duke of Thunder was one of the gods wholived in the heavens. He was the god of rain and thunder. The man dispised theDuke very much and had a pure hatred of him. Every time it rained the Duke would descend from the heavens and stand on ahilltop. There he would watch with pure delight as the rains and thunder camedown harder and harder. Finally the man had had enough. One day he took hisaxe and waited on the hilltop for the Duke to arrive. When the rains came so didthe Duke, and the man slashed him in the back. The Duke washurt but not killed because he was a god. The man caged him and brought himhome. He put him in a corner and warned the kids not to go near him. And toespecially not give him water. The next morning was a beautiful sunny one, butthe Duke looked horrible almost as if he was dehydrating. The man told thechildren he had to go to the market and said again not to go near the Duke nomatter what he does and dont give him water. After the man left the Dukestarted moaning. He begged the children to give him some water but they refusedfollowing their fathers orders. The Duke pretended he was dead with his mouthhung open and he had his lips very dry. The girl was worried, she thought he was dying so she gave him one drop ofwater. The Duke instantly jumped back up and tore apart the cage. Thechildren were terrified. He came over to them and promised them that theywill be rewarded for their deed. He gave them a small egg and told them toplant it in the ground and then he left. When the man came back he wasshocked by what had happened. He knew the Duke would be very angry and wouldpunish him. So he didnt waste any time and started to build a ship. Aftera months time the ship was finished. It was built out of the strongestmaterial known to him. .u5406815433d5d1d6ef80f2ce28aaf9ee , .u5406815433d5d1d6ef80f2ce28aaf9ee .postImageUrl , .u5406815433d5d1d6ef80f2ce28aaf9ee .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u5406815433d5d1d6ef80f2ce28aaf9ee , .u5406815433d5d1d6ef80f2ce28aaf9ee:hover , .u5406815433d5d1d6ef80f2ce28aaf9ee:visited , .u5406815433d5d1d6ef80f2ce28aaf9ee:active { border:0!important; } .u5406815433d5d1d6ef80f2ce28aaf9ee .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u5406815433d5d1d6ef80f2ce28aaf9ee { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u5406815433d5d1d6ef80f2ce28aaf9ee:active , .u5406815433d5d1d6ef80f2ce28aaf9ee:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u5406815433d5d1d6ef80f2ce28aaf9ee .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u5406815433d5d1d6ef80f2ce28aaf9ee .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u5406815433d5d1d6ef80f2ce28aaf9ee .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u5406815433d5d1d6ef80f2ce28aaf9ee .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5406815433d5d1d6ef80f2ce28aaf9ee:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u5406815433d5d1d6ef80f2ce28aaf9ee .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u5406815433d5d1d6ef80f2ce28aaf9ee .u5406815433d5d1d6ef80f2ce28aaf9ee-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u5406815433d5d1d6ef80f2ce28aaf9ee:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The U.S. Penal System EssayMeanwhile the egg the children planted had grown to a size of about two smallpeople. Then one day what the man had anticipated came. Huge torrentialdownpours of rain started and there were tremendous floods. The man jumped intothe ship he built, in his panic he had forgotten about the children. They hadran into the egg which had become soft. The floods were so great that the manin his ship reached all the way to the door of the heavens. He banged the doorsand yelled let me in! The gods didnt want mortals in the heavens, so the Dukewas ordered to recede the floods. He took the floods back so fast that the manfell back to the earth and was crushed by his ship. The children in the soft egg bounced back to the ground safely. When they cameout, they saw everything was destroyed. They were the only ones left. Theylived happily for a while and after some time they had a child. Because theywere brother and sister the child was deformed and died a short time later. Thetwo kids chopped up the baby into tiny pieces and put him in a bag, and theystarted climbing up the heavenly ladder. The bag ripped before they could reach to the top and all the piecesfell back to earth. They fell all over the continents, and from them the newpeople developed. They were different in appearance from each other dependingon where they lived. This myth explains why there are people who look so muchdifferent from each other. This myth suggests that man was more responsible forthe creation of the new humans than the gods. Because of the actions of the manthe people were created. The Heritage of a KingThis is a myth about fate. In this myth a man named Zoa chi who is a king triesto find out his fate. Zoa was a survivor. When he was little his parents wereassassinated. An attempt at his life was also made but his older brotherprotected him. The murderer was his uncle who betrayed his father and overthrewhis power. He stayed in exile with his brother until he was older. Over theyears his hatred of his uncle had made Zoa a very stern man. He had wowed toget his revenge. He became a great fighter and started a group of followers whoalso were against the king. Then finally the day he had been waiting for hadarrived. With his small army he overpowered the kings army. Growing up onthe streets had made Zoa a great strategy leader, so he was able to defeatthe huge overconfident kings army. He killed the king and took over thethrone. Years went by and he himself became overconfident and selfish. Hecreated a fantasy image of himself as a great man. He thought that nothi ngon this planet could defeat him. As time went by he became just like hisuncle. Absolute power had corrupted him. Then one day he declared to all his subjects that he was a god and expected tobe worshipped. This was too much for the people, they rebelled but Zoa crushedall their resistance. One of his advisors told Zoa that he knew a magician whocould greatly help him in keeping down further rebellions. He said that thisman could see the future and help him stop protesters before they could organiseand challenged him. The king immediately called the man to his castle. Themans name was Hou. He told the king that there will be a man who will kill himsoon. And that man would be a close relative of his. The king knew exactly whom Hou was talking about. Zoas son Zhuan was almostthe age where he could become king if something happened to his father. .u57107ffbc0d4239c1792afd2f868e0c6 , .u57107ffbc0d4239c1792afd2f868e0c6 .postImageUrl , .u57107ffbc0d4239c1792afd2f868e0c6 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u57107ffbc0d4239c1792afd2f868e0c6 , .u57107ffbc0d4239c1792afd2f868e0c6:hover , .u57107ffbc0d4239c1792afd2f868e0c6:visited , .u57107ffbc0d4239c1792afd2f868e0c6:active { border:0!important; } .u57107ffbc0d4239c1792afd2f868e0c6 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u57107ffbc0d4239c1792afd2f868e0c6 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u57107ffbc0d4239c1792afd2f868e0c6:active , .u57107ffbc0d4239c1792afd2f868e0c6:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u57107ffbc0d4239c1792afd2f868e0c6 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u57107ffbc0d4239c1792afd2f868e0c6 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u57107ffbc0d4239c1792afd2f868e0c6 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u57107ffbc0d4239c1792afd2f868e0c6 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u57107ffbc0d4239c1792afd2f868e0c6:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u57107ffbc0d4239c1792afd2f868e0c6 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u57107ffbc0d4239c1792afd2f868e0c6 .u57107ffbc0d4239c1792afd2f868e0c6-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u57107ffbc0d4239c1792afd2f868e0c6:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Is Junk Food Really Cheaper? EssayImmediately Zoa ordered Zhuan to be imprisoned. He said this was anotherexample of how clever he was, he said he saw the future and beat fatesdestiny. He even said that he was better than any other god the peoplebelieved in. When he went to see Zhuan his older brother went with him. Zhuan pleaded with Zoa and said he would never even think of killing his ownfather. But Zoa didnt believe him. He sentenced Zhuan to death. But before Zhuan could be killed older Zoasbrother beheaded him when he facing his son. Zoa was killed by his ownbrother who was ashamed of what his younger sibling had become. What themagician didnt tell Zoa was which close relative would kill him. Zoa whohad become overconfident wasnt as great as he thought he was. And he wastoo arrogant to not know that the gods should not be challenged. This mythtells that becoming overconfident will eventually hurt you and that no onecould beat their destiny. The Chinese in this story believed in the gods,they were very religious people and this myth tells that the gods should notbe challenged. Both of these myths were written a long time ago and I dont think that thepeople today still believe in these myths as strongly as the people who wrotethem did. I think its like Halloween in our culture. We still practice thecustom as the ancient people did but we dont have as much as a strong believein ghosts and goblins as our ancestors did. BibliographyBirch, Cyril. Chinese Myths And Fantasies. Great Britain: London, 1992. Fei, Charles. Strange Creatures. New York, 1990Ke, Yuan. Dragons And Dynasties. China: Beijing, 1993*Chinese Myths.* Grolier Encyclopaedia, 12th ed. 1996. Category: English

Allende and Marquez essays

Allende and Marquez essays To some people love may be thought of as just a game but to others it could mean much more than a game. Love can show the control, wealth and influence one person can have over another person. In The House of the Spirits by Isabel Allende and Chronicle of a Death Foretold by Gabriel Garcia Marquez we read in both books how the authors described the power of guilt and love as a way of life and in some ways a game to be won. Love and guilt are two of the many ways we can compare these books and learn how similar they really are. Money plays a vital role in each of these books. We see that money has a power over people that can make them feel guilt which in some cases makes people feel loved. We must keep straight in our heads though, that money is not love and love can not be bought with money. This is shown in Chronicle of a Death Foretold when Bayardo San Roman tries to buy the widowers Xius house. Xius tries to stand up for his house and for the love in his heart, but even the strongest feeling of love was not enough to conquer the power money had: But the widower defended himself until the end of the game. Three nights later, better prepared, Bayardo San Roman returned to the domino table. Widower, he began again, whats the price of the house? It hasnt got a price. Name any one you want. Im sorry, Bayardo, the widower said, but you young people dont understand the motives of the heart. (Marquez, 39,40) Xius was right. Young people do not understand the object of love. He later went on to tell Bayardo that the house was not worth all the money. Even after saying no so many times Xius finally gave in. He died two months later. Even the doctor said, He was healthier than the rest of us, but when you listened with the stethoscope you could hear the tears bubbling inside his heart. (M...

Getting a Raise and Getting a Rise

Getting a Raise and Getting a Rise Getting a Raise and Getting a Rise Getting a Raise and Getting a Rise By Maeve Maddox Natasha asks: What is the difference between rise and raise? As far as I understand, they both have to do with an increase, but they are also supposed to be different. Is that correct? The words raise and rise have numerous meanings, both as verbs and as nouns. Some common meanings of rise as a noun: a movement upward Ex. The world watched his rise to power. the reaching of a higher level by an increase of quantity or bulk Ex. The rise of the river provoked concern. an upward slope Ex. We walked as far as the rise. an irritated response to provocation Ex. Your last remark sure got a rise out of him. the distance from the crotch to the waistline on pants; the distance above the waistline on skirts Ex. The tailor measured the rise. One of the Merriam-Webster definitions of raise as a noun is â€Å"an increase in wages or salary.† British speakers, however, would refer to such an increase as a â€Å"rise.† Writing for British readers, Paul MacKenzie-Cummins heads his article with the title Get a Salary Rise: Six Tips. Writing for speakers of U.S. English, Dawn Rosenberg McKay heads a similar article with the title How to Ask for a Raise. Both U. S. and British usage would find the following headline acceptable: Experts Predict a Rise in Salaries Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:How to Structure A Story: The Eight-Point ArcCannot or Can Not?Is "Number" Singular or Plural?

Business Law and Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Business Law and Ethics - Essay Example The next question will be what should be the ideal state with respect to working condition, and quality assurance. The next question involves what is the minimally accepted state with respect to working condition and quality assurance. The Next question I will ask is what steps and procedures should we put in place to ensure that we significantly improve our present situation to the minimally accepted state. The last question is what procedures we should use to raise from the minimally accepted state to the ideal state. I will use utilitarian theory of business ethics. I prefer utilitarian theory because it lays high emphasis on ethical decisions that advance the most value to all the stakeholders while at the same time limiting amount of damages to the minimal number of participants as possible. Because I want well for the majority, my ethical decision should cause less harm to the stakeholders of Delectables Corp. while at the same time increasing value for everyone. The decision o f whether to blow the whistle or not is one of the most challenging because it involves a lot of thinking. I will first thinking about the impact of blowing the whistle on the future performance of the company. ... The stakeholders’ model recognizes the role and contribution of different individuals towards success of the organization especially the customers, employees, suppliers, government, and creditors. It is undoubtedly that a wide range of risks is associated with blowing the whistle. The first risk associated with whistle blowing is loss of employment (Trimborn). I will not only put my job at risk but also of other employees. This claim can be justified by the fact that boycott of company products- peanut butter in the market will force the company to reduce its production, which in turn translates to job cuts to allow the company from insolvency owing to large salary and wages payout. The next major risk associated with whistle blowing is dissolution of the company. A company can lose its competitive edge owing to unethical and illegal practices, which can consequently lead to closing down of the company. Whistle blowing also put the company at the risk of losing its revenue. Th is can happen when the company is charged hefty fines for illegal practices or when the company loses its market share owing to unethical practices in manufacturing of peanut butter. Customers tend to shy away from companies that do not observe stipulated ethical and legal standard by industry the regulators, bylaws, or laws. Whistle blowing is not only risk as it also comes with a wide range of benefits. The first benefit of whistle blowing is the fact that it brings sanity in the operations of Delectables Corp. by ending wrongdoings such selling of peanut butter with questionable quality. Whistle blowing also protects the interest of key stakeholders especially customers especially if consumption of the service or product can lead to bodily harm or chronic

Principle Centered Leadership by Covey Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Principle Centered Leadership by Covey - Essay Example The cover quoted a famous Chinese proverb which states, "Give a man a fish and you feed him for a day; teach him how to fish and you feed him for a lifetime." It is better to teach someone how to do something than to do it for them. For example, if I were in charge of certain process in quality control of a firm, I can choose to do it myself and not teach it to my subordinates but that will just be a short term solution. My subordinates will still be dependent on me and not learn how to do it themselves. On the contrary, teaching them the process would be a long term solution and will eventually make them more responsible and probably assume the job in the future. This principle is what Covey discussed in his six conditions of empowerment where the employees are allowed to self-supervise making them accountable for their own actions. I enjoyed reading this book because the concepts presented do not only apply to the business world but also in my personal life since the wisdom and tru th that it speaks of is very universal. The ideas that he proffered are applicable in making managerial decisions in an organization, as well as decisions that we make in our everyday struggles in life. The first point that struck me is the importance of developing a mission statement. I believe in his idea that a principled leader should develop a mission statement that is short, simple, generic and easily memorized so that every employee understands it and accepts it as a guiding principle resulting in its successful implementation in the organization. Having a clearly defined mission statement will prevent companies from having employees who are unclear of their company’s priorities and goals. Even as individuals, I realized that having a mission statement is a must if we want to succeed in life. Another important aspect in Covey’s book which I think will have an impact in my leadership style is the relevance of having clear communication lines in an organization. I became more aware that every employee no matter how far below they are in the hierarchy of the organizational structure must have a voice in the company. As a leader, I will try to always have an open ear to the ideas of my employees and try to develop a personal relationship with them. Covey however stressed that leaders must also learn to strike a balance between logical and emotional and sympathy and empathy to become effective communicators. My favorite chapter in Covey’s book is Chapter 11 which discuses the thirty methods of influence. According to Covey, the best way to influence the consumer’s lives is to model by example, build caring relationships, and to mentor by instruction. I particularly took notice of no. 4 which is the â€Å"performance of anonymous service†. It reminded me of a gospel passage from Matthew 6: 3-4 which states, â€Å"In giving alms, you are not to let your left hand know what your right hand is doing. Keep your deeds of mercy s ecret, and your Father who sees in secret will repay you.† Although I have known this passage previously, as a leader, I did not realize that selfless service, that is, not expecting any reward from serving others, would redound to a positive influence among my co-workers.

Organizations Performance Essay Example for Free

Organizations Performance Essay An organization’s performance is vital for their success and it is important that all employees are on board with making sure the performance is of high quality. It differs from other evaluations within the company because the performance evaluation â€Å"focuses on the organization as the primary unit of analysis† (Evaluating the Performance of an Organization, 2012). Within an organization’s performance it helps determine the actual output or end results of an organization against the intended outputs or goals for the organization (businessdictionary. com). The product market performance is also included in an organizations performance. Some tools can help the organization change or â€Å"improve their policies on behalf of greater preparedness for the many futures ahead† (NYUWagner, 2011). Different areas and tools are used to determine the organization’s performance and how well they either are doing or how much improvement the organization needs to bring their performance up. â€Å"Organizations are constantly trying to adapt, survive, perform and influence† but that does not always mean they are successful at doing what they do (Evaluating the Performance of an Organization, 2012). One way that an organization can better their performance is by conducting an organizational assessment to diagnose their current performance to see what is working and what could use a little bit of improvement. This â€Å"tool can help organizations obtain useful data on their performance, identify important factors that aid or impede their achievement of results, and situate themselves with respect to competitors† (Evaluating the Performance of an Organization, 2012). The main four tools for organizational performance are effectiveness, efficiency, relevance, and financial viability. â€Å"Effectiveness is the capability of producing a desired result† (businessdictionary.com). This means that if something is considered to be effective then it has an intended or expected outcome which is what is used in the organizations to determine if what is set in place is working effectively or if additional changes need to be made. There is sufficient reason and means with effectiveness and that is to accomplish a purpose. Without a purpose there is not an effective meaning behind conducting business or maintaining a successful organization. Effectiveness is a very good tool for organizations and managers to understand and become familiar with to be on the right track for success. Another tool that management should be familiar with and make sure the organization is doing is efficiency. Efficiency is not to be confused with effective even though sometimes they are mixed up and confused. â€Å"Efficiency describes the extent to which time, effort or cost is well used for the intended task or purpose† (businessdictionary.com). Typically efficiency is used with the specific purpose of relaying the capability of a specific application of effort to produce a specific outcome effectively with a minimum amount or quantity of waste, expense, or unnecessary effort (Evaluating the Performance of an Organization, 2012). Relevance is a basic tool but one that can help in the success of an organization. It is â€Å"the ability to retrieve material that satisfies the needs of the user† mostly in the terms of an informational retrieval system (businessdictionary.com). Management need to have relevance in order to be successful because they need to be able to pull the necessary information from production, departments, and other sources to see if what is being produced or utilized is satisfying their requirements or not. For a business to be effective they need to â€Å"strive for the best possible economic results from the resources currently employed or available† (Drucker, 1963). Having an effective business is the key for the business to be able to grow and establish themselves as a company and within the community. Several different techniques are used to allow the business to become effective. One of the keys for successful management â€Å"is to examine the marketplace† and focus on the process of management versus the output (Drucker, 1963). When focusing on the process of management it is important for the company to look at strategy, planning and budgeting and understand the difference between each of them yet understand how each one works with each other to make it successful. â€Å"Strategy is a high level plan to achieve one or more goals under conditions of uncertainty† (businessdictionary.com). For a business to be successful they need to implement some sort of strategy. Strategy is important because it helps to utilize all of the resources that are available or could be available for the project at hand. Most of the time resources are usually limited and in order to achieve the goals that the company has set in place making sure the strategy is set in place will help the process flow more smoothly. â€Å"Strategy is also about attaining and maintaining a position of advantage† over the opponents, or competition that is able to have flexibility instead of having to stick to any specific fixed plan. By allowing there to be slight flexibility that allows the company to try to keep an advantage over the competition and stay ahead compared to the other organizations. Planning â€Å"is the process of thinking about and organizing the activities required to achieve a desired goal† (businessdictionary.com). Strategy could be considered the first step and then planning would be the second step in achieving the desired goal for organizational su ccess. Planning involves the construction and maintenance of a plan. â€Å"This thought process is essential to the creation and refinement of a plan† or combination of it with other plans (NYUWagner, 2011). Planning typically combines forecasting of development with the preparation for how the organization should react to these situations. For the organization to remain successful it needs to understand the importance and relationship between planning and forecasting. â€Å"Forecasting can be described as predicting what the future will look like† or what the future might hold for the company and â€Å"planning predicts what the future should look like† (NYUWagner, 2011). Organizations that do not understand the difference between planning and forecasting will not be as successful as the organizations that do. This is because looking at the numbers of what something might look like and what it should look like are two different ways of planning. For a business to be successful the need to focus on planning so their predictions are what the future should look like to be successful and stay on the right path. Budgets are also incorporated with strategy and planning, they all intertwine together. â€Å"A budget is a quantitative expression of a plan for a defined period of time† (businessdictionary.com). Several different factors can be associated within a budget such as sales volumes and revenues, resource quantities, costs and expense, assets and liabilities, and even cash flows. The budget â€Å"expresses strategic plans of business units, organizations, activities or events in measurable terms† (Evaluating the Performance of an Organization, 2012). For a company to have success in their daily operations they need to make sure the stay on budget and current with all of their projects. Many organizations create a budget for each plan however they do not follow through with the budget. It is one thing to create a budget for a product and it is another thing to actually follow through with the budget and make sure everyone stays on track. If the company goes over budget then the planning and strategy process were not calculated correctly. Everyone involved within the project needs to be familiar with the strategy, plan and budget aspects to keep the organization successful and continue moving forward instead of always having to back track. It is easy to get off of track or to change the plan in the middle of the project. It is up to the organization and the team responsible for the project to keep the budget that they were assigned. Works Cited NYCWagner. (2011). Retrieved August 21, 2013, from http://www.NYCWager.com Evaluating the Performance of an Organization. (2012). Retrieved August 1, 2013, from http://www.smallbusinessnotes.com/managing-your-business/business-ethics.html#ixzz2afud6KU0 Business Dictionary. (n.d.). Retrieved July 30, 2013, from http://www.businessdictionary.com Ferrell. (2011). Business Ethics. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. Kirby. (2012). Accounting Principles. McGraw. Zain, B. (2011). Strategic Management. Pittsburg: McGraw.

Humorous Wedding Speech by the Father of the Groom -- Wedding Toasts R

Humorous Wedding Speech by the Father of the Groom Good evening Ladies and Gentlemen - I must admit, I am more nervous about participating in this wedding than I was as the groom (bridegroom) at my own wedding. Maybe it's because I have been married thirty years and I know what my son is getting himself in to! Joking aside, I've had a wonderful marriage and I would like to remind David and Arba that it's a serious business, and shouldn't be entered into lightly - although, at his weight, my son certainly isn't doing that. So how can the happy couple ensure a happy marriage? A lot of advice has already come their way, some which may be of use, some of it may not. For me, the key appears to be understanding women and how they communicate. I've always found the following a good guide: If the word "nothing" is uttered, this actually means "something" and you should be on your to...

Journey to the Dwarf Planet Essay

Pluto is a space object that has been mistaken for a planet and a comet in the past. New evidence has revealed that the previously thought ninth planet of our solar system is actually just an ice-dwarf, and comparable to all other objects in the Kuiper Belt. This paper explores Pluto through the vision of New Horizons, the fastest spacecraft ever launched. This spacecraft would travel to Pluto in approximately nine years and reveal much about the surface of this unusual space object that humanity feels especially attached to, given that it was â€Å"a part of our solar system† for a long time. Using S. Alan Stern’s explanation of the importance of Pluto’s surface – that, in fact, this space object carries essential information about the origins of the solar system – this paper provides a reason for humanity’s interest in the mission to Pluto. It is suggested that Pluto’s environment would provide important clues about the Earth’s environment. And even if it does not, all news is good news in the world of science. It may very well be that the mission to Pluto would teach humanity nothing new, and only renew its appreciation for the living environment of Earth. Perhaps this new awareness and appreciation would somehow help to save the Earth’s environment. JOURNEY TO THE DWARF PLANET Page # 3 Journey to the Dwarf Planet Pluto is only 1413 miles in diameter, with a surface that is believed to be made up of nitrogen, carbon monoxide, methane and water ices. Many of the moons in the solar system are bigger in size than Pluto. Moreover, Pluto is said to have its own satellite, Charon, which may or may not be considered a regular kind of satellite, given that it is almost as big as Pluto (Connor, 2006). According S. Alan Stern (2002), writing for Scientific American, the material on Pluto’s surface may sublimate â€Å"into a rarefied atmosphere when the planet is in the part of its orbit that is closest to the sun. † In addition, scientists believe that Pluto’s surface may be experiencing the eruption of geysers on occasion. Gas and ice may be shooting above the surface of the planet in plumes. Today, we understand that Pluto is a dwarf planet, not a real one. It has been called the ice-dwarf, too, seeing that this space object is far different from the planets in our solar system. The rotation of Pluto, for instance, is in the opposite direction to the rotation of the eight planets we know – Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. Pluto is most unlike the Earth, which is a rocky planet. It is also unlike the gaseous Jupiter (Connor). Hence, scientists have been wondering about the real nature of Pluto for quite some time. Pluto has been referred to as a comet to boot (Wilker, 2006). It all started only ten years after Pluto was first discovered by American astronomer Clyde Tombaugh in 1930 (Connor). During the 1940s and 1950s, researchers suggested that perhaps Pluto was the brightest of a vast group of icy space objects in the area that it occupies. This JOURNEY TO THE DWARF PLANET Page # 4 concept came to be known as the Kuiper Belt, named after the Dutch-American astronomer, Gerard Kuiper, who was foremost in casting doubts about Pluto’s status in our solar system (Stern). Based on new evidence, scientists have come to the conclusion that the Kuiper Belt contains at least one hundred thousand objects that are larger than 100 kilometers across. In fact, the Kuiper Belt may very well be â€Å"the big brother to the asteroid belt,† writes Stern. This big brother of the asteroid belt has more mass, more objects, including those of larger sizes, and â€Å"a greater supply of ancient, icy and organic material left over from the birth of the solar system. † Stern adds: It is now clear that Pluto is not an anomaly. Instead it lies within a vast swarm of smaller bodies orbiting between about five billion and at least eight billion kilometers from the sun. Because this far-off region may hold important clues to the early development of the solar system, astronomers are keenly interested in learning more about Pluto, its moon, Charon, and the bodies making up the Kuiper Belt. It is not only the astronomers that are interested in learning more about Pluto. Rather, it seems that the entire humanity is longing to find out about its own origins, and how it came to occupy the environment that it lives in today. Given that greater awareness about Pluto and its environment would provide humanity with clues regarding the origin of the Earth’s environment – scientists have worked very hard to reach JOURNEY TO THE DWARF PLANET Page # 5 Pluto somehow. Explaining their efforts in his article, â€Å"Journey to the Farthest Planet,† Stern introduces to the reader the $488 million project called New Horizons. This is a mission established by the Southwest Research Institute, based in San Antonio, Texas, and the Applied Physics Laboratory (APL) at Johns Hopkins University. New Horizons is further supported by a team of scientists from various universities, research institutes, and NASA centers. The mission is, of course, for humanity to explore Pluto and its so-called â€Å"double,† Charon (Connor). According to Stern, this mission is â€Å"equivalent of conducting an archaeological dig into the history of the outer solar system – a place where researchers can get a valuable glimpse of the long-gone era of planetary formation. †

Corruption in Public life Essay

If two or more persons meet together and start talking about the present society of India, they soon come to the conclusion that every system, every institution of India is infested with corruption. Corruption has become so common in public life. Corruption means perversion of morality, integrity, character of duty out of mercenary motives (e. g. bribery) without regard to honor, right or justice. Simultaneously, those who genuinely deserve those things as their right remain deprived. Corruption in public life is not a modern phenomenon. People no longer protest against corrupt practices, fight injustice or express any shock when big scandals are exposed. Corruption starts with those politicians, who run the state, come down to higher officials†¦ then to the lowest rung of bureaucratic hierarchy. Lastly, come to the general people’. Who elect the† corrupt people as their representatives’ and expect special favors from them. Corruption can be eradicated by a comprehensive code for ministers, members of legislature and political parties, – and such code should be strictly enforced; judiciary should be given more independence and initiative; law and order machinery should be allowed to work without political interference; a voluntary organization at national level should be established to break the vicious circle†¦ Our entire system is bound to collapse if we do not rise the occasion and face the glaring truth with courage, foresight and patience†¦ Global Warming and its Consequences Global warming is the greatest challenge facing our planet. It is, in fact, the increase in the temperature of the earth’s neon- surface air. It is one of the most current and widely discussed factors. It has far-reaching impact on biodiversity and climatic conditions of the planet. Several current trends clearly demonstrate that global warming is directly impacting on rising sea levels, the melting of ice caps and significant worldwide climate changes. In short, global warming represents a fundamental threat to all living things on earth. Unfortunately, the imbalance which we have created between our life and earth is already showing the signs disasters in the form of flood, cyclones, landslides, tsunami, drought, etc. If the imbalance continues to rise, one day this will pose a question mark on the existence of this planet. Carbon dioxide (C02) which is an important constituent of environment is causing a warming effect on the earth’s surface. increases the evaporation of water into the atmosphere. Since water vapour itself is a greenhouse gas, this causes still more warming. The warming causes more water vapour to be evaporated. The C02 level is expected to rise in future due to ongoing burning of fossil fuels and land use change. The rate of rise will depend largely on uncertain economic, sociological, technological and natural developments. Other gases such as methane, CFCs, nitrous oxide, troposphere ozone are also responsible for global warming. Increases in all these gases are due to explosive population growth, increased industrial expansion, technological advancement, deforestation and growing urbanization, etc. Trees play a significant role in the global carbon cycle. Deforestation is checking these positive processes. It is the second principle cause of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Deforestation is responsible for 25 per cent of all carbon emissions entering the atmosphere, by the burning and cutting of 34 million acres of trees each year. the impact of global warming is a matter of grave concern. As is well known, India is mainly an agricultural country and agriculture here is gamble of the monsoon, e. g. largely depending on rainfall. Though it is to affect the whole country, the worst likely impact would be on central and northern India which is high-yielding parts of the country. These are the regions which produce the largest agricultural yield. The rise in atmospheric temperature and fall in rain would naturally result in decline in crop production. Moreover, it would have great effect on biodiversity as well. In addition, forestation can be of great help in this regard. Planting more trees and reducing timber cuts worldwide will help restore the imbalance. Secondly, we must follow on environmental policy of ‘reduce, reuse, recycle’, i. . promoting the reuse of anything. Thirdly, the use of fuel-efficient vehicles should be promoted as these vehicles have lower emissions of harmful gases. Fourthly, every individual should be aware of the importance of the protecting environment. Besides, eco- friendly technologies must be promoted, and must be substituted with the technologies which cause great emission of global warming gases. Public awareness campaign can be of great help in this regard because unless each and every individual is aware only governments’ effect cannot bring desired difference. Westernization of Indian Culture Westernization has greatly affected our traditions, customs, our family and our respect and love for others. The concept of joint families is remarkably decreasing and everyone wants to remain aloof from others. Nobody now bother about others and only cares about himself/herself which is totally contradictory to our Indian culture which depicts that, to be a part of each other Joys and Sorrows to celebrate the moments together and share the grief together. Day by day all our value for which India has the pride is vanishing & western culture is incubating in India with faster rate.

Slave Rebellion and Resistance essays

Slave Rebellion and Resistance essays Throughout the Southern States where slavery was rampant slaves devised many different methods of resisting everyday hardships. Most slaves used peaceful methods of resistance. These methods however, were ineffective in helping slaves claim any rights. Many times the abuse and hopelessness got so severe that slaves took matters into their own hands and physically tried to claim their rights in the form of violent revolts such as Nat Turners Rebellion. Although, these events stand out in history, they were actually quite rare. For the most part slaves did not confront their masters up front but rebelled in hidden ways. They used peaceful methods to cope with their situations such as developing their own culture complete with a distinct religion and narratives to provide morality and hope. Out in the fields they quietly fought back by working slowly, stealing merchandise, feigning illness, or breaking tools. Most resistance occurred in ways where the slaves would peacefully prevent the master from making a full profit. An eruption of violence on behalf of the slaves was uncommon. The few times that it did occur, it was due to personal problems between the slaves and their owners (Dillon 201). What made Nat Turners Rebellion so unique was the violent nature of it. Nat believed he was a Christ-like figure with a message from God to free blacks from their white masters. He believed he could do so by taking his band of followers and going from place to place killing all whites and recruiting more black followers until they had conquered the land (Wilson 196). It was incredibly rare to see an act of such great violence carried out by slaves against the white slave-owning class. Such revolts were uncommon because slaves usually used other methods of resistance, but also because many times the plans were uncovered and the slaves were punished before they had a chance to carry them out. Whites lived in constant fear of a sla...

Approaches of New Criticism Essay Example for Free

Approaches of New Criticism Essay A literary movement that started in the late 1920s and 1930s and originated in reaction to traditional criticism that new critics saw as largely concerned with matters extraneous to the text, e.g., with the biography or psychology of the author or the work’s relationship to literary history. New Criticism proposed that a work of literary art should be regarded as autonomous, and so should not be judged by reference to considerations beyond itself. A poem consists less of a series of referential and verifiable statements about the ‘real’ world beyond it, than of the presentation and sophisticated organization of a set of complex experiences in a verbal form (Hawkes, pp. 150-151). Major figures of New Criticism include I. A. Richards, T. S. Eliot, Cleanth Brooks, David Daiches, William Empson, Murray Krieger, John Crowe Ransom, Allen Tate, F. R. Leavis, Robert Penn Warren, W. K. Wimsatt, R. P. Blackmur, Rene Wellek, Ausin Warren, and Ivor Winters. A form of criticism based largely on the works of C. G. Jung (YOONG) and Joseph Campbell (and myth itself). Some of the school’s major figures include Robert Graves, Francis Fergusson, Philip Wheelwright, Leslie Fiedler, Northrop Frye, Maud Bodkin, and G. Wilson Knight. These critics view the genres and individual plot patterns of literature, including highly sophisticated and realistic works, as recurrences of certain archetypes and essential mythic formulae. Archetypes, according to Jung, are â€Å"primordial images†; the â€Å"psychic residue† of repeated types of experience in the lives of very ancient ancestors which are inherited in the â€Å"collective unconscious† of the human race and are expressed in myths, religion, dreams, and private fantasies, as well as in the works of literature (Abrams, p. 10, 112). Some common examples of archetypes include water, sun, moon, colors, circles, the Great Mother, Wise Old Man, etc. In terms of archetypal crit icism, the color white might be associated with innocence or could signify death or the supernatural. The application of specific psychological principles (particularly those of Sigmund Freud and Jacques Lacan [zhawk lawk-KAWN]) to the study of literature. Psychoanalytic criticism may focus on the writer’s psyche, the study of the creative process, the study of psychological types and principles present within works of literature, or the effects of literature upon its readers (Wellek and Warren, p. 81). In addition to Freud and Lacan, major figures include Shoshona Felman, Jane Gallop, Norman Holland, George Klein, Elizabeth Wright, Frederick Hoffman, and, Simon Lesser. A sociological approach to literature that viewed works of literature or art as the products of historical forces that can be analyzed by looking at the material conditions in which they were formed. In Marxist ideology, what we often classify as a world view (such as the Victorian age) is actually the articulations of the dominant class. Marxism generally focuses on the clash between the dominant and repressed classes in any given age and also may encourage art to imitate what is often termed an â€Å"objective† reality. Contemporary Marxism is much broader in its focus, and views art as simultaneously reflective and autonomous to the age in which it was produced. The Frankfurt School is also associated with Marxism (Abrams, p. 178, Childers and Hentzi, pp. 175-179). Major figures include Karl Marx, Terry Eagleton, Fredric Jameson, Raymond Williams, Louis Althusser (ALT-whos-sair), Walter Benjamin (ben-yeh-MEEN), Antonio Gramsci (GRAWM-shee), Georg Lukacs (lou-KOTCH), and Friedrich Engels, Theordor Adorno (a-DOR-no), Edward Ahern, Gilles Deleuze (DAY-looz) and Felix Guattari (GUAT-eh-ree Literally, postcolonialism refers to the period following the decline of colonialism, e.g., the end or lessening of domination by European empires. Although the term postcolonialism generally refers to the period after colonialism, the distinction is not always made. In its use as a critical approach, postcolonialism refers to â€Å"a collection of theoretical and critical strategies used to examine the culture (literature, politics, history, and so forth) of former colonies of the European empires, and their relation to the rest of the world† (Makaryk 155 – see General Resources below). Among the many challenges facing postcolonial writers are the attempt both to resurrect their culture and to combat preconceptions about their culture. Edward Said, for example, uses the word Orientalism to describe the discourse about the East constructed by the West. Major figures include Edward Said (sah-EED), Homi Bhabha (bah-bah), Frantz Fanon (fah-NAWN), Gayatri Spivak, Chinua Ach ebe (ah-CHAY-bay) , Wole Soyinka, Salman Rushdie, Jamaica Kincaid, and Buchi Emecheta Existentialism is a philosophy (promoted especially by Jean-Paul Sartre and Albert Camus) that views each person as an isolated being who is cast into an alien universe, and conceives the world as possessing no inherent human truth, value, or meaning. A person’s life, then, as it moves from the nothingness from which it came toward the nothingness where it must end, defines an existence which is both anguished and absurd (Guerin). In a world without sense, all choices are possible, a situation which Sartre viewed as human beings central dilemma: â€Å"Man [woman] is condemned to be free.† In contrast to atheist existentialism, Sà ¸ren Kierkegaard theorized that belief in God (given that we are provided with no proof or assurance) required a conscious choice or â€Å"leap of faith.† The major figures include Sà ¸ren Kierkegaard, Friedrich Nietzsche, Martin Heidegger, Jean-Paul Sartre (sart or SAR-treh), Albert Camus (kah-MUE or ka-MOO) , Simone de Beauvoir (bohv -WAHR) , Martin Buber, Karl Jaspers (YASS-pers), and Maurice Merleau-Ponty (mer-LOH pawn-TEE). Structuralism is a way of thinking about the world which is predominantly concerned with the perceptions and description of structures. At its simplest, structuralism claims that the nature of every element in any given situation has no significance by itself, and in fact is determined by all the other elements involved in that situation. The full significance of any entity cannot be perceived unless and until it is integrated into the structure of which it forms a part (Hawkes, p. 11). Structuralists believe that all human activity is constructed, not natural or â€Å"essential.† Consequently, it is the systems of organization that are important (what we do is always a matter of selection within a given construct). By this formulation, â€Å"any activity, from the actions of a narrative to not eating one’s peas with a knife, takes place within a system of differences and has meaning only in its relation to other possible activities within that system, not to some mean ing that emanates from nature or the divine† (Childers & Hentzi, p. 286.). Major figures include Claude Là ©vi-Strauss (LAY-vee-strows), A. J. Greimas (GREE-mahs), Jonathan Culler, Roland Barthes (bart), Ferdinand de Saussure (soh-SURR or soh-ZHOR), Roman Jakobson (YAH-keb-sen), Vladimir Propp, and Terence Hawkes. Post-Structuralism and Deconstruction Post-Structuralism (which is often used synonymously with Deconstruction or Postmodernism) is a reaction to structuralism and works against seeing language as a stable, closed system. â€Å"It is a shift from seeing the poem or novel as a closed entity, equipped with definite meanings which it is the critic’s task to decipher, to seeing literature as irreducibly plural, an endless play of signifiers which can never be finally nailed down to a single center, essence, or meaning† (Eagleton 120 – see reference below under â€Å"General References†). Jacques Derrida’s (dair-ree-DAH) paper on â€Å"Structure, Sign, and Play in the Discourse of the Human Sciences† (delivered in 1966) proved particularly influential in the creation of post-structuralism. Derrida argued against, in essence, the notion of a knowable center (the Western ideal of logocentrism), a structure that could organize the differential play of language or thought but somehow rema in immune to the same â€Å"play† it depicts (Abrams, 258-9). Derrida’s critique of structuralism also heralded the advent of deconstruction that–like post-structuralism–critiques the notion of â€Å"origin† built into structuralism. In negative terms, deconstruction–particularly as articulated by Derrida–has often come to be interpreted as â€Å"anything goes† since nothing has any real meaning or truth. More positively, it may posited that Derrida, like Paul de Man (de-MAHN) and other post-structuralists, really asks for rigor, that is, a type of interpretation that is constantly and ruthlessly self-conscious and on guard. Similarly, Christopher Norris (in â€Å"What’s Wrong with Postmodernism?†) launches a cogent argument against simplistic attacks of Derrida’s theories: Approaches of New Criticism. (2016, Dec 24).

Network Operating Systems and Security BEng Assignment

Network Operating Systems and Security BEng - Assignment Example In the context of network security definition, it consists of concerns related to network communication privacy, confidentiality of data over the network, accessing unauthorized classified data, access to prohibited network domains and utilizing Internet for concealed communication (Network Security. 2007). The security predictions that were published in an article for the year 2010 incorporates new advanced threats named as advanced persistent threats (APT), Cyber war escalates, VoIP attacks, Perimeter shrinks and harden, social networking sites, malware, DLP for intellectual property protection and malware as a service (MaaS) (Watchguard Unveils Top 10 Security Predictions for 2011. 2011). In order to protect the computer network, organizations emphasize on implementing hardware and software application as well as a security policy. This policy is followed by constructing a security policy document that defines rules and procedures. A typical security policy is constructed on a set of rules that defines authorization and access of network resources of an organization (, what is security policy? definition and meaning).The aim of implementing these security policies is to establish rules and procedures for improper use of network services. Moreover, the objective is to create a framework that will assist in identification and prevention of unauthorized access of network services (, Network Security Policy). Network security issues can lead to many different aspects. For example, if the server containing customer data is breached, organization will lose its credibility and trust among the customer and that will result in business loss. Similarly, if a critical system is hacked by internal or external sources, organization’s financial data along with goals and objectives can be revealed to other competitors. In order to eliminate the threats including unauthorized access, viruses, Trojans, malware and malicious codes, a security policy document is require d. The document will provide a consistent framework to secure the integrity of the network along with eliminating risk abided by security threats and vulnerabilities. 2 Risk Assessment Risk assessment is a process to evaluate risks associated with threats and vulnerabilities to the network. Three factors will be considered in this scenario i.e. Assets, Threats and Security Priority Identification. 2.1 Assets The identification of information assets is vital before conducting risk assessment. Information assets are defined as the entities that hold organization data. A good definition is available on ‘www.ibm.com’ which states it as, â€Å"information assets are specific to your business functions and business strategies, they may be contained within broad categories such as contractual and legislative compliance, those needing virus prevention, those critical to business recovery following security compromises, etc.† The information assets for an organization wil l be technology assets, data asset, service asset and people asset. In case of educational establishment the assets that need to be prioritized are: file space server, Linux web server, finance server, student database and email server. 2.2 Threats Threats are defined as

Planning Transitions to Prevent Challenging Behavior Essay

Planning Transitions to Prevent Challenging Behavior - Essay Example At first glance, the articles seem to be different in the kind of content and message that they are sending out to the intended audience. However, on closer look, one can comprehend that the thrust of both articles is about the ways in which teaching methods can be improved to make a difference in the way children are taught. Both articles talk about teachers making decisions in the daily interactions with their wards. The difference in the articles is the way in which each article suggests different methods to achieve the common goal of making the students understand what is being taught and how teachers can be role models for their students. The article about â€Å"Teaching children what we want them to learn† concentrates on the different ways in which children pick up things from their teachers by looking up to them as role models as well as imbibing values and qualities from the teachers. The article makes the point about how kids at such a young age are impressionable and hence are prone to look up to their teachers in a manner similar to that they do with their parents and hence the teachers have to extra careful in the messages that they send to the students. These include verbal and non-verbal cues as well as the kind of lessons that the teachers pick for their children every day. This article also mentions the subtle difference between the statements that express a reflective desire to inculcate learning in the children as opposed to expecting the children to learn better. For instance, there is a huge difference in taking personal responsibility as a teacher and ensuring that the children get to learn and think about the children as being responsible for their education. One is reflective (as mentioned above) and the other is reactive.  

How can technological change have an impact on the operating Essay

How can technological change have an impact on the operating environment of a global business - Essay Example The multinational organisations should work and invest on the research and development activities in order to come up with different innovative ideas to create competitive edge over other competitors in the industry (Amable, Barre, & Boyer, 1997). Operating Environment of a Global Business: The operating environment of a global business can be classified as internal business environment and external business environment. It is important for the organisations to carefully analyse and evaluate the overall operating environment and come up with strategies which facilitate the organisations in the process of enhancing and improving their internal environment and competencies on the basis of the changes in the external environment. There are different strategic tools and methods used for the evaluation and analysis of the internal and external environment of the organisation (Freeman, 2010). For instance the internal environment is analysed with the help of the VRIO framework and resource based view. This framework allows the organisation to identify the internal competencies and skills which can be converted into competitive advantage (Freeman, 2010). On the other hand the external environment is analysed with the help of the PESTEL framework and Porter’s five forces. ... factors can act either on national level or international level, at the same time the influence of each of these factors is directly dependent on the nature of the market (Freeman, 2010). Hence, it is important for the multinational organisations to carefully plan and execute the strategies on the basis of the external environment factors. On the other hand Porter’s five forces try to evaluate the impact of competitors and other important forces in the organisation including suppliers’ power, customers’ power, competitive forces, substitutes, and potential entrants (Freeman, 2010). Hence, it can be said that the strategic choices of the organisations are dependent on the environmental factors along with the availability of the resources and internal competencies. These elements allow the organisation to evaluate the technological changes and the resulting innovations. Along with this the bases of competitive advantage allows the organisation to decide that whethe r they will be innovation leader or innovation follower. The choices regarding the sustaining competitive advantages allow the organisations to manage the overall process of innovation along with the issues of the globalisation and intellectual property rights. Lastly, there are decisions related to the competition and collaboration (Freeman, 2010). Technological Changes and Innovations: Out of the all macro environmental factors the impact of the technological changes and innovations on the operating environment of the organisations is being increasingly discussed. The technological changes and innovations have been forcing the organisations to continuously change and enhance the products and processes (Christensen, 1997). There are several reasons behind the technological changes, for instance it can be

Situation Of Persons With Disabilities In Pakistan

Situation Of Persons With Disabilities In Pakistan Although there is no widely accepted definition of persons with disabilities, twodefinitions can be found in the National Policy for Special Education in Pakistan: Disability means the lack of ability to perform an activity in a manner that is considered to be normal. A person with disabilities means a person who, on account of injury, disease, or congenital deformity, is handicapped in undertaking any gainful profession or employment, and includes persons who are visually impaired, hearing impaired, and physically and mentally disabled. The 1 998 Population Census defined the term disability as, Any restrictionor lack (resulting from an impairment) of the ability to perform an activity in themanner and within the range considered normal for a human being. Impairmentmeans any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological or anatomical structure or functional. According to the census for 1998, there are 3,286,630 people with disabilityconstituting 2.54 per cent of the population (Bureau of Statistics, 1998). Thefigure is underestimated, as the definition of disability did not include moderateand mild disability. Data collectors for the census were not trained to identify andclassify all forms of disability. Disability has often been regarded as a peripheral issue in discussions onhealth services. Despite a number of progressive policies included in thePakistans Constitution that declares equal rights for all, disabled people are stillregarded in the main as an insignificant minority. In the health sector particularly,they are regarded as cases to be cured, tailing which they are referred towelfare for care. I he denial of human rights, and the exclusion andmarginalization of disabled people is manifested in many forms within the healthsector. To date in Pakistan, services for disabled people have been based on anunderstanding of disability as individual pathology, the disabled person beingseen as a problem to be corrected. Its development can be traced to the greatstrides in medical science and technology, which led many to believe that dysfunction, could be explained through rational scientific argument; the cause of any condition regarded as abnormal being attributed to the malfunction of a physiological system. Pathology thus provided the means by which dis-ability could be distinguished from able-bodiedness, abnorrnality from normality. Disability as malfunction has since grown to be seen as a specialized health problem, at the heart of which is an emphasis on clinical diagnosis. Consequently the aim of medical rehabilitation is to assist the individual to be as normal as possible. in traditional societies such as Pakistan where education is low and economic development has not taken off, any disability among household members is normally concealed, especially disabilities acquired from birth or those developed soon thereafter. Intellectual disabilities and physical deformities arc perceived as stigmata since their existence could jeopardize the family name, which becomes especially important in societies with extended Families. The existence of any disability related to psychological concerns that results From congenital antecedents is considered a serious threat to a familys social status. The familys concern is related to the social discrimination that other people would likely demonstrate, which in the view of the family concerned justifies concealing the existence of such offspring. Another reason why family events relating to disabilities are concealed relates to the exchange phenomenon in marriages, especially on the bridegrooms side. The fear that other children in the family concerned may also carry genes which could adversely affect their progeny means that parents often will not reveal that such a person exists in the family, since it would be difficult For them to find spouses for their other, non-disabled children. Such fears are much greater fur families that are socially mobile or who have a relatively higher social status. The Religious/Moral model is historically the oldest and is less prevalent today. However, there are many segment of society in Pakistan that associate disability with sin and shame, and disability is often associated with feelings of guilt, even if such feelings are not overtly based in religious doctrine. For the individual with a disability, this model is particularly burdensome. This model has been associated with shame on the entire family with a member with a disability. Families have hidden away the disabled family member, keeping them out of school and excluded from any chance at having a meaningful role in society. Even in less extreme circumstances, this model has resulted in general social ostracism and self-hatred. In poverty-stricken developing society, like Pakistan, where additional hands are always needed to assist with family work, thereby supplementing family income, the existence of a person with a disability is considered a curse orunfortunate fate for the family concerned. The loss of family labor in addition to the diversion of family resources to care for the needs of a child with a disability usually results in additional fertility to offset the loss of that childs potential contributions to family income. The assumed need for having additional children could lead to reproduction within a short interval to neutralize potential social pressure and possible social sanctions. In following this line of reasoning, the cause of the original congenital disability and the potentially adverse consequences of another pregnancy on maternal health are relegated to a position of lower importance than the need for reproduction. In societies lacking social norms and institutions that should provide family support in terms of the socialization and rehabilitation of persons with disabilities, families are put under extra pressure owing to the heavy demands on their time to make up for this lack of support. The presence of a disabled person in a family is thus considered a life-long problem, because the person concerned is expected to remain always dependent on other family members for support. In addition, the person with a disability represents a loss of productive potential in terms of society. The social pressure to bear additional children who can help to support such disabled persons leads to enlargement of the dependent population. Further, in their haste to respond to social pressures, couples usually ignore the possibility of giving birth to yet other children with congenital disabilities. These attitudes are among the complex sociological perspectives involved in treating the subject of disabilities. of consider these facts, The Tragedy/Charity Model is still exists in Pakistan which actually casts the disabled person forever in the poor unfortunate role, It emphasizes and encourages dependence on others rather than independence one might say it is a form of killing with kindness since if this is taken to extremes the disabled person may lose those life skills they had and become increasingly dependent. The disabled person is represented as brave and admirable solely because they live with their impairment, an object of pity and the focus of attempts to extort money from others in order to address the persons extensive and expensive needs. There is little or no recognition of the potential for independence or of the role of the disabled person in selecting the services they need or want. however, important changes were to occur with the evolvement of the modern era profoundly influenced by the enlightenment. One of the difficulties likely to be encountered is the negative impression created by the very widespread presence of disabled persons, whether neighborsor relatives, for whom no rehabilitative treatment is available. The problems of disability seem to be quite familiar to the general public in Pakistan, whereas there is little or no conception of solutions. It is not surprising in these circumstances that attitudes focus on helplessness and hopelessness. It will presumably be difficult to remove this impression before there has been a major upswing in the provision of rehabilitative services. Equally it will be difficult to provide facilities without a favorable climate of opinion. Attitude and provision must advance together. Traditionally used by charities iii the competitive business of fund-raising, the application of the Tragedy/Charity Model is graphically illustrated in the advertisement on newspapers and televised Children in Need appeals in which disabled children are depicted alongside young victims of famine, poverty, child abuse and other circumstances. Whilst such appeals raise considerable funds for services and equipment which are not provided by the government, many disabled people find the negative victim-image thoroughly offensive. The idea of if being recipients of charity lowers the self-esteem of people with disabilities. In the eyes of pitying donors, charitable giving carries with it an expectation of gratitude and a set of terms imposed upon the beneficiary. The first is patronizing; the second limiting upon the choices opens to disabled people. Also, employers will view disabled people as charitable cases. Rather than address the real issues of creating a workplace conducive to the employment of people with disabilities, employers may conclude that making charitable donations meets social and economic obligations. This is not to advocate dismantling charities and outlaw caring, charitable acts, which enrich our society and bring badly needed funds. But we do need to educate charity managers and professionals to review the way they operate and ensure that funds are channeled to promote the empowerment of disabled people and their full integration into our society as equal citizens requiring our respect and not our pity. The specific type and amount of neglection against disabled children will vary depending upon whether it occurs within the family, in the community, in institutional settings or in the work place. There are however, several key issues that appear time and again when such behavior occurs. Most striking is the issue of reoccurring stigma and prejudice. From the date of independence to date in Pakistan many although not all communities have dealt poorly with disability. Cultural, religious and popular social beliefs often assume that a child is born with a disability or becomes disabled after birth as the result of a curse,bad blood, an incestuous relationships, a sin committed in a previous incarnation or a sin committed by that childs parents or other family members. A child born in a community where such beliefs exist is at risk in a number of ways. A disabled child is more likely to face extreme negative attitudes at birth and this increased risk for ignorance reappears throughout the life span. This behavior compounds already existing social, educational and economic marginalization that limits the lives and opportunities of these children. For example, disabled children are far less likely than their non-disabled peers to be included in the social, economic and cultural life of their communities; only a small percentage of these children will ever attend school; a majority of street beggars are disabled children. Disabled children living in remote and rural areas may be at increased risk. in societies and including Pakistan where there is stigma against those with disability, research indicates that some parents respond with ignorance because of the shame the child had brought on the family or respond with violence because a lack of social support leads to intense stress within the family. in Pakistan, while many parents are submissive towards children where no disability exists, when a disabled child lives in these setting his or her disability often serves to compound and intensify the nature and extent of the abuse. For example, a mobility impaired child may be less able to flee when physically assaulted. A child who is deaf may be unable to communicate about the abuse he or she faces to anyone outside his or her household, unless these outsiders speak sign language or understand the home signs the child uses. A child who is intellectually impaired may not be savvy enough to anticipate a parents growing anger or know when to leave the room to avoid being struck. Regular observations of child rearing practices in Pakistan indicate that a disabled child faces increased risk as the result of child-produced stress, It is hypothesized that this cycle of increasing tensions can begin long before the child is diagnosed as having a disability. For example, a child with a hearing impairment may be regarded as disobedient; a child with vision problems may not make eye contact and appear to be unresponsive, a child with a neurological disorder maybe difficult to comfort or feed. Other researchers suggest that parents who become violent towards their disabled child are reacting not to the childs condition alone, but to the social isolation and stigma they encounter from surrounding family, friends and neighbors. Parents of disabled children often lack social supports as family and friends distance themselves; they can find no school willing to take their child or theylive in communities where there are few or no social services to help them with their childs needs. It is possible that both child-produced stressors and social isolation are compounded to produce a stressful in a household coping with a disabled child. It is also true that not all households with disabled children in Pakistan are stress prone and even within the same communities there are coping mechanisms in some families that prevent this behavior, while children with identical disabilities in other households are subjected to burden. As with many aspects of negative attitude towards disabled children, at this point, much more research in Pakistan is needed to allow us to adequately understand the factors that inhibit or foster these attitudes towards disabled children. The disabled child in a majority of household may receive less food, medical care or other services. This can be subtle, for example, parents or caretakers may wait a few additional days before spending scarce money for medicine or the child may receive less food or less nutritious food than his or her sibling. The low socioeconomic status of the family and the present inflation rate prevailing in the country may worst the situation a lot. Such neglect can lead to further impairments in a vicious feedback cycle in which the disabled child continually loses ground developmentally. Such neglect may be further exacerbated by gender for example, in Pakistan mostly parents spend huge money for boy childrens disability that for girl children, despite the fact that disability itself affects equal numbers of males and females. Neglect, in the form of the lack of adequate medical care, less nutritious food or lack of access to related resources, is the apparent cause of these deaths. In Pakistan as a general practice, the child is kept home to ensure his or her own safety, as parents fear that the child may be struck by a cart or abused by someone in the neighborhood. But in many other instances, even in educated and/or porch families a child is kept isolated because the family fears the reaction from other members of the community. As per treatment given by clergyman, children in some communities are kept shackled in windowless storerooms, hold hands and feet with iron chain, hot household courtyards or dark attics for night, often with little or no interaction, even by those within the household. Even in the next door neighbors may not know of the childs existence. Here is a need to create awareness among parents to send their disabled in special schools, for this see Box No. 1 for this purpose. When it comes to convincing Pakistanis that special education is important, especially the rural poor, the key individuals that arguments must be targeted toare parents. Parents must be persuaded that special education is valuable and necessary for their children with special needs. School administration, social service and child advocacy agencies may be aware that a disabled child Is the victim of violence or neglect, but choose to keep that child in the household because there are few or no residential care facilities are available in the country. The response of disabled children themselves to on-going violence within the home is dictated by a number of factors. They may be aware that this type of behavior is unacceptable, but fear loss of relationship with care giver or family member. While this is an issue for many children in violent households, for disabled children dependent on their abusers for physical care, communication with the outside world or other disability-specific concerns, these issues are more complex. S/he is also be aware that this type of behavior is unacceptable, seek to alert authorities, but are not listened to or believed. Unfortunately, in Pakistan, individuals who work as teachers, attendants for disabled children, or help transport, feed or care for such children, are often underpaid, overworked and largely unsupervised. While many who undertake such career choices do so out of the best of motives. Very few schools have mechanisms in place that allow students, parents to complain about victimization of these negative attitudes. This is all the more serious because in many areas of Pakistan and specially in rural areas there are only a handful of schools or educational programs that are available for disabled children. Parents/caregivers or children may hesitate to complain about abusive behavior in the school, fearing that they will be dismissed from a program when no alternative exists. Mostly in Pakistan, Disabled children are often kept in environments that can only be described as inhumane. Institutions for disabled children are often at the bottom of government priority lists and lack adequate funding, consistent support or oversight from government or civil society. Institutions are often overcrowded, unsanitary and suffer from lack of both staff and resources which lead directly to avoidable suffering and below the growth standards. The low pay, low social status, long hours and hard working conditions in many institutions means that workers are hard to find and administrators are quick to hire anyone. Background checks on personnel often are not done. This allows some individuals, intent on harming or exploiting children, to regularly seek work in such institutions. Because of lack of a registry or oversight of suchpredators when an abusive employee is discovered it is not uncommon for that individual to be tired from one institution and soon turn up working at another institution for disabled children nearby. Compounding this, as noted earlier, individuals with disability and their families tend to be ftir poorer than other members of the population, and this poverty can severely limit the ability of disabled children and their families to afford light for their rights. The large number of disabled children and their families who live in poverty also reduces that number of disabled young people able to afford related private special schooling. Because disabled children frequently receive no formal education or low quality education, their working lives often begin earlier than those of their nondisabled peers. Furthermore, because they are rarely trained or apprenticed for a specific trade or skill, they are often sent to work at the most menial jobs, constituting some of the harshest forms of child labor. While it is known that many disabled children are in the workplace, little information on these children exists because most find work in informal sectors of society as house servants, farm workers, in shops or in factories. Honestly speaking, in Pakistan, documentation of this attitude against disabled children in the workplace is therefore absent or very rare. However, knowledge from other realms of disability research can provide some insight. For example, those disabled children who are unable to work as quickly as their non- disabled coworkers, or those who are unable to hear to understand or follow directions, are at risk of being insulted and bullied. Because finding and keeping work for individuals with disability is difficult in most societies (i.e.: even in developed countries, the unemployment rate for adults with disability often is above 80%) disabled children and adolescents have little voice in the workplace and are at risk not only for physical and verbal abuse, but are also less likely to report such abuse or to quit should they be abused. In Pakistan, especially in rural areas and also most of the developing and under developing countries, the most common form of employment outside the household for poor disabled children may be begging. Disabled children are regularly used to generate income through begging. Some are placed on the streets to beg by their own families, some are sold by their families to others who keep stables of disabled children in organized rings of beggars. Either way, reports and anecdotes from dozens of countries indicate that such children are routinely subjected to violence both in order to keep them on the streets and once on the streets, by members of the general population, who see such children as easy prey. In more recent times, however, the notion of disability has come to be conceptualized as a socio-political construct within a rights-based discourse. The emphasis has shifted from dependence to independence, as people with disability have sought a political voice, and become politically active against social forces of disablism. Disability activists, in engaging in identity politics, have adopted the strategies used by other social movements commanding human and civil rights. And these strategies have brought gains, but within certain limitations. In Pakistan, from the mid 1980s, the country has enacted legislation which embraces a rights-based discourse rather than a custodial discourse; and which seeks to address issues of social justice and discrimination. The legislation also embraces the conceptual shift from disability being seen as an individualized medical problem to rather being about community membership and participation, and access to regular societal activities such as employment, education, recreation and so on. Where access is inappropriate, inadequate, difficult or ignored, advocacy processes have been initiated to address situations and promote the peoples rights. Yet, rights-based discourse, although employed as a political strategy, has also become a way of constructing disability by locking people with disability into an identity which is based upon membership of a minority group. Entitlements thus become contingent upon being able to define oneself as a person with disability. And the conceptual barrier between normal and abnormal goes unchallenged, so that while one may have entitlements legislatively guaranteed, community which cannot be legislated for, remains elusive. While rights-based discourse, at a strategic level, has brought some additional entitlements to people with disability, it has not significantly altered the way in which disability is constructed and so, despite legislative changes, some peoples lives have not necessarily changed. Rights-based discourse fails to meet these challenges for, rather than seeking to dismantle the entire concept of disability, it actually relies upon such a construction to support its claims for rights and entitlements. Part of the problem with the subject of education of disabled children in Pakistan is that it suffers from a lack of identity as a discipline or part of a discipline, and it operates in relative isolation from other relevant disciplines. Therefore it does not benefit from the research in other disciplines, and lacks accountability. An alternative approach would aim to acknowledge these difficulties, to draw onother disciplines where relevant, and to locate the subject within a development framework. HOW WE IMPROVE THE SITUATION: Improvement shall only be possible when we will work on each and every sector which prevents disability to its severe consequences. The following discussion highlights some of these areas. 1. Prevention: The majority of disabilities are preventable. There are, however, a number of reasons why there is a failure to prevent disabilities in Pakistan. Although there are a number of policies aimed at preventing disabilities, there is no coherent coordination between the various government departments to ensure that these policies are properly carried out. Also, there are a number of areas in which policies should exist, but do not. It is recommended that the Ministry of Health, in consultation with other relevant departments and the Directorate General of Special Education (DGSE), facilitate the development of a National Inter-SectoralDisability Prevention Strategy that will set national norms and minimum standards for the prevention of disabilities. 2. Public Education and Awareness Raising: One of the greatest hurdles disabled people face when trying to access mainstream programs arc negative attitudes. It is these attitudes that lead to the social exclusion and marginalization of people with disabilities. Negative attitudes are continually reinforced. Disability is portrayed as a problem People with disabilities are viewed as helpless and dependent; as ill and in constant need of care and medical treatment, or as tragic victims. Culture plays an important role in the way we relate to people with disabilities. This contributes to the perception of people with disabilities as different or outsiders. The changing of attitudes is not something that happens automatically or spontaneously. Attitude changing is a complex process which involves moving, in a series of stages, from one set of attitudes to another. Public education and awareness are central to the changing of attitudes. 3. Health Care: Appropriate, accessible and affordable health services at primary, secondary and tertiary level are essential to the equalization of opportunities for people with disabilities. Such services should include general medical and nursing assistance on an in-patient, out-patient or community home care basis, and specialized health professional assistance. 4. Rehabilitation: Access to appropriate rehabilitation services can make the difference between leading an isolated and economically dependent life and leading an economically independent life and playing an active role in society. The main policy objectives should be: to enable peo5le with disabilities to reach and maintain their optimal physical, sensory, intellectual, psychiatric, and/or social functional levels; to provide people with disabilities with the tools to change their lives and to give them a greater degree of independence; to prevent secondary disabilities or to reduce the extent of disability; to take into account the specific needs of different disability groupings. 5. Assistive Devices: Assistive/rehabilitation technology enables individuals with disabilities to participate on equal terms. If people with disabilities are to access their rights and responsibilities and participate in society as equal citizens, they must have access to appropriate and affordable assistive devices. The production, supply and maintenance of assistive devices are presently uncoordinated. Imported devices are steeply taxed, making them very expensive. Initiatives to develop appropriate and affordable assistive technology have, to date, taken place in isolation from general technology development (i.e. they are aimed at a special market), with very little participation by consumers, or collaboration between the various sectors and agencies. With the assistance of modern technology, products should be developed for use by people with a range of different disabilities. The aim should be to reduce costs by producing for a larger market. This may require greater standardization of products. 6. Barrier Free Access: The way in which the environment is developed and organized contributes, to a large extent, to the level of independence and equality that people with disabilities enjoy. There are a number of barriers in the environment which prevent disabled people from enjoying equal opportunities with non-disabled people. For example: structural barriers in the built environment; inaccessible service points; inaccessible entrances due to security systems; poor town planning; and poor interior design. It is recommended that the Department of Public Works, in consultation with the National Environment Protection Agency (NEPA) and other stakeholders, develop national guidelines and minimum norms and standards with regard to barrier-free access. 7. Transport: There is a need for rapid progress in developing a public transport system that is flexible and accessible. Without this, people with disabilities will continue to remain largely invisible and unable to contribute to, or benefit from, the services and commercial activities available to most of their fellow citizens. Given the fact that the ability to use services, or attend school or work, is largely dependent on the ability of people to get there, the lack of accessible transport is a serious barrier to the full integration into society of people with disabilities. A large proportion of the population uses the bus services as their chief mode of public transport. Policy makers tend to focus on wheelchair-lift equipped buses when considering access. There are, however, a number of low-cost accessible features that could be considered in the short term. Dial-a-ride services have proven particularly popular in densely populated areas. The primary distinction between this service and existing services operated by welfare organizations is that people are able to use the service for any purpose, whether to work, school or for social reasons. Although the major airports in Pakistan have introduced extensive upgrading projects to make their facilities more user-friendly, smaller provincial and regional airports still remain extremely discriminatory against disabled commuters. This is, in part, due to a lack of information on national guidelines and minimum standards and norms. The larger airlines have introduced personnel training programs to facilitate a more sensitive service from airline staff. 8. Communications: Sign Language is the first and natural language of Deaf people, whatever thespoken language of his or her hearing parents may be. Sign Language is thecentral focus of Deaf peoples human rights. It is important to note that Sign Language is a language in its own right, with its own grammar and syntax. Sign Language uses the modality of space, in contrast with the spoken language which uses the modality of sound. There are several regional variations of Sign Language in Pakistan. Special Language Systems/Augmentative and Alternative Communication refer to any mode of communication used by people who can not use a spoken or sign language. They include Braille, touch, Bliss symbols or other means of communication. Interpreter services are linked closely to the communication needs of Deaf people and people with limited or no speech. These services enable them to communicate freely with society, and arc an essential clement in the achievement of equal opportunities for people with communication disabilities. They include Sign Language interpreters, lip speakers,